51. Is it not waste of time in preparing the test condition, test case & Test Script?
No document prepared in any process is waste of rime, That too test design documents which plays vital role in test execution can never be said waste of time as without which proper testing cannot be done.
52. How do you go about testing of Web Application?
To approach a web application testing, the first attack on the application should be on its performance behavior as that is very important for a web application and then transfer of data between web server and .front end server, security server and back end server.
53. What kind of Document you need for going for a Functional testing?
Functional specification is the ultimate document, which expresses all the functionalities of the application and other documents like user manual and BRS are also need for functional testing. Gap analysis document will add value to understand expected and existing system.
54. Can the System testing be done at any stage?
No, .The system as a whole can be tested only if all modules arc integrated and all modules work correctly System testing should be done before UAT (User Acceptance testing) and Before Unit Testing.
55. What is Mutation testing & when can it be done?
Mutation testing is a powerful fault-based testing technique for unit level testing. Since it is a fault-based testing technique, it is aimed at testing and uncovering some specific kinds of faults, namely simple syntactic changes to a program. Mutation testing is based on two assumptions: the competent programmer hypothesis and the coupling effect. The competent programmer hypothesis assumes that competent programmers turn to write nearly "correct" programs. The coupling effect stated that a set of test data that can uncover all simple faults in a program is also capable of detecting more complex faults. Mutation testing injects faults into code to determine optimal test inputs.
56. Why it is impossible to test a program completely?
With any software other than the smallest and simplest program, there are too many inputs, too many outputs, and too many path combinations to fully test. Also, software specifications can be subjective and be interpreted in different ways.
57. How will you review the test case and how many types are there?
There are 2 types of review:
Informal Review: technical lead reviewing.
Peer Review: by a peer at the same organization (walkthrough? technical - inspection).
Or
Reviews:
1. Management Review
2. Technical Review
3. Code Review
4. Formal Review (Inspections and Audits)
5. Informal Review (Peer Review and Code Review)
and coming to walk through....
objectives of Reviews:
1. To find defects in requirements.
2. To find defects in Design.
3. To identify deviations in any process and also provide valued suggestions to improve the process.
58. What do you mean by Pilot Testing?
• Pilot testing involves having a group of end users try the system prior to its full deployment in order to give feedback on IIS 5.0 features and functions.
Or
Pilot Testing is a Testing Activity which resembles the Production Environment.
• It is Done Exactly between UAT and Production Drop.
• Few Users who simulate the Production environment to continue the Business Activity with the System.
• They Will Check the Major Functionality of the System before going into production. This is basically done to avoid the high-level Disasters.
• Priority of the Pilot Testing Is High and Issues Raised in Pilot Testing has to be Fixed As Soon As Possible.
59. What is SRS and BRS in manual testing?
BRS is Business Requirement Specification which means the client who want to make the application gives the specification to software development organization and then the organization convert it to SRS (Software requirement Specification) as per the need of the software.
60. What is Smoke Test and Sanity Testing? When will use the Above Tests?
Smoke Testing: It is done to make sure if the build we got is testable or not, i.e to check for the testability of the build also called as "day 0" check. Done at the 'build level'
Sanity Testing: It is done during the release phase to check for the main functionalities without going deeper. Sometimes also called as subset of regression testing. When no rigorous regression testing is done to the build, sanity does that part by checking major functionalities. Done at the 'release level'
61. What is debugging?
Debugging is finding and removing "bugs" which cause the program to respond in a way that is not intended.
62. What is determination?
Determination has different meanings in different situations. Determination means a strong intention or a fixed intention to achieve a specific purpose. Determination, as a core value, means to have strong will power in order to achieve a task in life. Determination means a strong sense of self-devotion and self-commitment in order to achieve or perform a given task. The people who are determined to achieve various objectives in life are known to succeed highly in various walks of life.
Another way, it could also mean calculating, ascertaining or even realizing a specific amount, limit, character, etc. It also refers to a certain result of such ascertaining or even defining a certain concept.
It can also mean to reach at a particular decision and firmly achieve its purpose.
63. What is exact difference between Debugging & Testing?
Testing is nothing but finding an error/problem and its done by testers where as debugging is nothing but finding the root cause for the error/problem and that is taken care by developers.
Or
Debugging- is removing the bug and is done by developer.
Testing - is identifying the bug and is done by tester.
64. What is fish model can you explain?
Fish model explains the mapping between different stages of development and testing.
Phase 1
Information gathering takes place and here the BRS document is prepared.
Phase 2
Analysis takes place
During this phase, development people prepare SRS document which is a combination of functional requirement specification and system requirement specification. During this phase, testing people are going for reviews.
Phase-3
Design phase
Here HLD and LLD high level design document and low level design documents are prepared by development team. Here, the testing people are going for prototype reviews.
Phase-4
coding phase
White box testers start coding and white box testing is being conducted by testing team.
Phase-5
testing phase
White box testing takes place by the black box test engineers.
Phase-6
release and maintenance.
65. What is Conformance Testing?
The process of testing that an implementation conforms to the specification on which it is based. Usually applied to testing conformance to a formal standard.
66. What is Context Driven Testing?
The context-driven school of software testing is flavor of Agile Testing that advocates continuous and creative evaluation of testing opportunities in light of the potential information revealed and the value of that information to the organization right now.
67. What is End-to-End testing?
Similar to system testing, the 'macro' end of the test scale involves testing of a complete application environment in a situation that mimics real-world use, such as interacting with a database, using network communications, or interacting with other hardware, applications, or systems if appropriate.
68. When the testing should be ended?
Testing is a never ending process, because of some factors testing May terminates.
The factors may be most of the tests are executed, project deadline, test budget depletion, bug rate falls down below the criteria.
69. What is Parallel/Audit Testing?
Testing where the user reconciles the output of the new system to the output of the current system to verify the new system performs the operations correctly.
70. What are the roles of glass-box and black-box testing tools?
Black-box testing
It is not based on knowledge of internal design or code. Tests are based on requirements and functionality. Black box testing is used to find the errors in the following.
1. Interface errors
2. Performance errors
3. Initialization errors
4. Incorrect or missing functionality
5. Errors while accessing external database
Glass-box testing
It is based on internal design of an application code. Tests are based on path coverage, branch coverage, and statement coverage. It is also known as White Box testing.
1. White box test cases can check for;
2. All independent paths with in a module are executed atleast once
3. Execute all loops
4. Exercises all logical decisions
5. Exercise internal data structure to ensure their validity
71. What is your experience with change control? Our development team has only 10 members. Do you think managing change is such a big deal for us?
Whenever the modifications happening to the actual project all the corresponding documents are adapted on the information. So as to keep the documents always in sync with the product at any point of time
72. What is GAP ANALYSIS?
The gap analysis can be done by traceability matrix that means tracking down each individual requirement in SRS to various work products.
73. How do you know when your code has met specifications?
With the help of traceability matrix. All the requirements are tracked to the test cases. When all the test cases are executed and passed is an indication that the code has met the requirements.
74. At what stage of the life cycle does testing begin in your opinion?
Testing is a continuous process and it starts as and when the requirement for the project /product begins to be framed.
Requirements phase: testing is done to check whether the project/product details are reflecting clients ideas or giving an idea of complete project from the clients perspective (as he wished to be) or not.
75. What are the properties of a good requirement?
Requirement specifications are important and one of the most reliable methods of insuring problems in a complex software project. Requirements are the details describing an application's externally perceived functionality and properties. Requirements should be clear, complete, reasonably detailed, cohesive, attainable and testable.
76. How do you scope, organize, and execute a test project?
The Scope can be defined from the BRS, SRS, FRS or from functional points. It may be anything that is provided by the client. And regarding organizing we need to analyze the functionality to be covered and who will testing the modules and pros and cons of the application. Identify the number if test cases, resource allocation, what are the risks that we need mitigate all these come into picture.
Once this is done it is very easy to execute based on the plan what we have chalked out.
77. How would you ensure 100% coverage of testing?
We can not perform 100% testing on any application. but the criteria to ensure test completion on a project are:
1. All the test cases are executed with the certain percentage of pass.
2. Bug falls below a certain level
3. Test budget depleted
4. Dead lines reached (project or test)
5. When all the functionalities are covered in a test cases
6. All critical & high bugs must have a status of CLOSED
78. Do you go about testing a web application?
Ideally to test a web application, the components and functionality on both the client and server side should be tested. But it is practically impossible
The best approach to examine the project's requirements, set priorities based on risk analysis, and then determine where to focus testing efforts within budget and schedule constraints.
To test a web application we need to perform testing for both GUI and client-server architecture.
Based on many factors like project requirements, risk analysis, budget and schedule, we can determine that what kind of testing will be appropriate for your project. We can perform unit n integration testing, functionality testing, GUI testing, usability testing, compatibility testing, security testing, performance testing, recovery testing and regression testing.
79. What are your strengths?
I'm well motivated, well-organized, good team player, dedicative to work and I've got a strong desire to succeed, and I'm always ready and willing to learn new information and skills.
80. When should you begin testing?
For any Project, testing activity will be there from starting onwards, After the Requirements gathering, Design Document (High and Low) will be prepared, that will be tested, whether they are confirming to requirements or not, Design then Coding- White box will be done, after the Build or System is ready, Integration followed by functional testing will be done, Till the product or Project was stable. After the product or project is stable, then testing will be stopped.
81. When should you begin test planning?
Test planning is done by test lead. As a test lead test planning begins when TRM is finalized by project manager and handover to the test lead. Here test lead have some responsibilities those are,
1. Testing team formation
2. identifying tactical risks
3. preparing test plan
4. Reviews on test plans
82. Would you like to work in a team or alone, why?
I would like to work in a team. Because the process of software development
is like a relay race where many runners have to contribute in their respective laps. It is important because the complexity of work and degree of efforts required is beyond level of an individual.
83. When should testing Start in a project? Why?
Testing in a continuous activity carried out at every stage of the project. You first test everything that you get from the client. As tester (technical tester), my work will start as soon as the project starts.
84. Have you ever created a test plan?
This is just a sample answer - "I have never created any test plan. I developed and executed testcase. But I was involved/ participated actively with my Team Leader while creating Test Plans."
85. Define quality for me as you understand it
It is software that is reasonably bug-free and delivered on time and within the budget, meets the requirements and expectations and is maintainable.
86. What is the role of QA in a development project?
Quality Assurance
Group assures the Quality it must monitor the whole development process. they are most concentration on prevention of bugs.
It must set standards, introduce review procedures, and educate people into better ways to design and develop products.
87. How involved where you with your Team Lead in writing the Test Plan?
As per my knowledge Test Member are always out of scope while preparing the Test Plan, Test Plan is a higher level document for Testing Team. Test Plan includes Purpose, scope, Customer/Client scope, schedule, Hardware, Deliverables and Test Cases etc. Test plan derived from PMP (Project Management Plan). Team member scope is just go through TEST PLAN then they come to know what all are their responsibilities, Deliverable of modules.
Test Plan is just for input documents for every testing Team as well as Test Lead.
88. What processes/methodologies are you familiar with?
Methodology
1. Spiral methodology
2. Waterfall methodology. these two are old methods.
3. Rational unified processing. this is from I B M and
4. Rapid application development. this is from Microsoft office.
89. What is globalization testing?
The goal of globalization testing is to detect potential problems in application design that could inhibit globalization. It makes sure that the code can handle all international support without breaking functionality that would cause either data loss or display problems.
90. What is base lining?
Base lining: Process by which the quality and cost effectiveness of a service is assessed, usually in advance of a change to the service. Base lining usually includes comparison of the service before and after the Change or analysis of trend information. The term Benchmarking is normally used if the comparison is made against other enterprises.
For example:
If the company has different projects. For each project there will be separate test plans. This test plans should be accepted by peers in the organization after modifications. That modified test plans are the baseline for the testers to use in different projects. Any further modifications are done in the test plan. Present modified becomes the baseline. Because this test plan becomes the basis for running the testing project.
91. Define each of the following and explain how each relates to the other: Unit, System and Integration testing.
Unit testing
it is a testing on each unit (program)
System testin
This is a bottleneck stage of our project. This testing done after integration of all modules to check whether our build meets all the requirements of customer or not. Unit and integration testing is a white box testing which can be done by programmers. System testing is a black box testing which can be done by people who do not know programming. The hierarchy of this testing is unit testing integration testing system testing
Integration testing: integration of some units called modules. the test on these modules is called integration testing (module testing).
92. Who should you hire in a testing group and why?
Testing is an interesting part of software cycle. and it is responsible for providing an quality product to a customer. It involves finding bugs which is more difficult and challenging. I wanna be part of testing group because of this.
93. What do you think the role of test-group manager should be? Relative to senior management? Relative to other technical groups in the company? Relative to your staff?
ROLES OF test-group manager INCLUDE
• Defect find and close rates by week, normalized against level of effort (are we finding defects, and can developers keep up with the number found and the ones necessary to fix?)
• Number of tests planned, run, passed by week (do we know what we have to test, and are we able to do so?)
• Defects found per activity vs. total defects found (which activities find the most defects?)
• Schedule estimates vs. actual (will we make the dates, and how well do we estimate?)
• People on the project, planned vs. actual by week or month (do we have the people we need when we need them?)
• Major and minor requirements changes (do we know what we have to do, and does it change?)
94. What criteria do you use when determining when to automate a test or leave it manual?
The Time and Budget both are the key factors in determining whether the test goes on Manual or it can be automated. Apart from that the automation is required for areas such as Functional, Regression, Load and User Interface for accurate results.
95. How do you analyze your test results? What metrics do you try to provide?
Test results are analyzed to identify the major causes of defect and which is the phase that has introduced most of the defects. This can be achieved through cause/effect analysis or Pareto analysis. Analysis of test results can provide several test matrics. Where matrices are measure to quantify s/w, s/w development resources and s/w development process. Few matrices which we can provide are:
Defect density: total no of defects reported during testing/size of project
Test effectiveness'/(t+uat)
where t: total no of defect recorded during testing
and UAT: total no of defect recorded during use acceptance testing
Defect removal efficiency(DRE): (total no of defect removed / total no of defect injected)*100
96. How do you perform regression testing?
Regression Testing is carried out both manually and automation. The automatic tools are mainly used for the Regression Testing as this is mainly focused repeatedly testing the same application for the changes the application gone through for the new functionality, after fixing the previous bugs, any new changes in the design etc. The regression testing involves executing the test cases, which we ran for finding the defects. Whenever any change takes place in the Application we should make sure, the previous functionality is still available without any break. For this reason one should do the regression testing on the application by running/executing the previously written test cases.
97. Describe to me when you would consider employing a failure mode and effect analysis
FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) is a proactive tool, technique and quality method that enables the identification and prevention of process or product errors before they occur. Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is a disciplined approach used to identify possible failures of a product or service and then determine the frequency and impact of the failure.
98. What is UML and how to use it for testing?
The Unified Modeling Language is a third-generation method for specifying, visualizing, and documenting the artifacts of an object-oriented system under development From the inside, the Unified Modeling Language consists of three things:
1. A formal metamodel
2. A graphical notation
3. A set of idioms of usage
99. What you will do during the first day of job?
In my present company HR introduced me to my colleagues. and i known the following things.
1. What is the organization structure?
2. What is the current project developing, on what domain etc.,
3. I will know to whom i have to report and what r my other responsibilities.
100. What is IEEE? Why is it important?
Organization of engineers Scientists and students involved in electrical, electronics, and related fields. It is important because it functions as a publishing house and standards-making body.
101. Define Verification and Validation. Explain the differences between the two.
Verification - Evaluation done at the end of a phase to determine that requirements are established during the previous phase have been met. Generally Verification refers to the overall s/w evaluation activity, including reviewing, inspecting, checking and auditing.
Validation: - The process of evaluating s/w at the end of the development process to ensure compliance with requirements. Validation typically involves actual testing and takes place after verification is complete.
Or
Verification: Whether we are building the product right?
Validation: Whether we are building the right product/System?
102. Describe a past experience with implementing a test harness in the development Of software
Harness: an arrangement of straps for attaching a horse to a cart.
Test Harness: This class of tool supports the processing of tests by working it almost painless to
1. Install a candidate program in a test environment
2. Feed it input data
3. Simulate by stubs the behavior of subsidiary modules.
103. What criteria do you use when determining when to automate a test or leave it manual?
The Time and Budget both are the key factors in determining whether the test goes on Manual or it can be automated. Apart from that the automation is required for areas such as Functional, Regression, Load and User Interface for accurate results.
104. What would you like to do five years from now?
I would like to be in a managerial role, ideally working closely with external clients. I have worked in client-facing roles for more than two years and I enjoy the challenge of keeping the customer satisfied. I think it's something I'm good at. I would also like to take on additional responsibility within this area, and possibly other areas such as Finally, I'd like to be on the right career path towards eventually becoming a Senior Manager within the company. I'm very aware that these are ambitious goals, however I feel through hard work
and dedication they are quite attainable.
105. Define each of the following and explain how each relates to the other: Unit, System, and Integration testing
• Unit system comes first. Performed by a developer.
• Integration testing comes next. Performed by a tester
• System testing comes last-Performed by a tester.
106. What is IEEE? Why is it important?
"Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers" Organization of engineers, scientists and students involved in electrical, electronics, and related fields. It also functions as a publishing house and standards-making body.
107. What is the role of QA in a company that produces software?
The role of the QA in the company is to produce a quality software and to ensure that it meets all the requirements of its customers before delivering the product.
108. How would you build a test team?
Building a test team needs a number of factors to judge. Firstly, you have to consider the complexity of the application or project that is going to be tested. Next testing, time allotted levels of testing to be performed. With all these parameters in mind you need to decide the skills and experience level of your testers and how many testers.
109. In an application currently in production, one module of code is being modified. Is it necessary to re- test the whole application or is it enough to just test functionality associated with that module?
It depends on the functionality related with that module. We need to check whether that module is inter-related with other modules. If it is related with other modules, we need to test related modules too. Otherwise, if it is an independent module, no need to test other modules.
110. What are ISO standards? Why are they important?
ISO 9000 specifies requirements for a Quality Management System overseeing the production of a product or service. It is not a standard for ensuring a product or service is of quality; rather, it attests to the process of production, and how it will be managed and reviewed.
For ex a few:
ISO 9000:2000
Quality management systems. Fundamentals and vocabulary
ISO 9000-1:1994
Quality management and quality assurance standards. Guidelines for selection and use
ISO 9000-2:1997
Quality management and quality assurance standards. Generic guidelines for the application of ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003
ISO 9000-3:1997
Quality management and quality assurance standards. Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:1994 to the development, supply, installation and maintenance of computer software
ISO 9001:1994
Quality systems. Model for quality assurance in design, development, production, installation and servicing
ISO 9001:2000
Quality management systems. Requirements
111. What is the Waterfall Development Method and do you agree with all the steps?
Waterfall approach is a traditional approach to the s/w development. This will work out of it project is a small one (Not complex).Real time projects need spiral methodology as SDLC. Some product based development can follow Waterfall, if it is not complex. Production cost is less if we follow waterfall method.
112. What is migration testing?
Changing of an application or changing of their versions and conducting testing is migration testing. Testing of programs or procedures used to convert data from existing systems for use in replacement systems.
113. What is terminology? Why testing Necessary fundamental test process psychology of testing Testing Terminologies
Error: a human action that produces an incorrect result.
Fault: a manifestation of an error in software.
Failure: a deviation of the software from its expected delivery or service.
Reliability: the probability that the software will not cause the failure of the system for a specified time under specified conditions.
Why Testing is Necessary
Testing is necessary because software is likely to have faults in it and it is better (cheaper, quicker and more expedient) to find and remove these faults before it is put into live operation. Failures that occur during live operation are much more expensive to deal with than failures than occur during testing prior to the release of the software. Of course other consequences of a system failing during live operation include the possibility of the software supplier being sued by the customers!
Testing is also necessary so we can learn about the reliability of the software (that is, how likely it is to fail within a specified time under specified conditions).
114. What is UAT testing? When it is to be done?
UAT stands for 'User acceptance Testing' This testing is carried out with the user perspective and it is usually done before a release
UAT stands for User Acceptance Testing. It is done by the end users along with testers to validate the functionality of the application. It is also called as Pre-Production testing.
115. How to find that tools work well with your existing system?
I think we need to do a market research on various tools depending on the type of application we are testing. Say we are testing an application made in VB with an Oracle Database, and then Win runner is going to give good results. But in some cases it may not, say your application uses a lots of 3rd party Grids and modules which have been integrated into the application. So it depends on the type of application u r testing.
Also we need to know what sort of testing will be performed. If u need to test the performance, u cannot use a record and playback tool, u need a performance testing tool such as Load runner.
116. What is the difference between a test strategy and a test plan?
TEST PLAN: IT IS PLAN FOR TESTING.IT DEFINES SCOPE, APPROACH, AND ENVIRONEMENT.
TEST STRATEGY: A TEST STRATEGY IS NOT A DOCUMENT.IT IS A FRAMEWORK FOR MAKING DECISIONS ABOUT VALUE.
117. What is Scenarios in term of testing?
Scenario means development. We define scenario by the following definition: Set of test cases that ensure the business process flows are tested from end to end. It may be independent tests or a series of tests that follow each other, each dependant on the output of the previous one. The term test scenario and test case are often used synonymously.
118. Explain the differences between White-box, Gray-box, and Black-box testing?
Black box testing Tests are based on requirements and functionality. Not based on any knowledge of internal design or code.
White box testing Tests are based on coverage of code statements, branches, paths, conditions. Based on knowledge of the internal logic of an application's code.
Gray Box Testing A Combination of Black and White Box testing methodologies, testing a piece of software against its specification but using some knowledge of its internal workings.
119. What is structural and behavioral Testing?
Structural Testing
It is basically the testing of code which is called white box testing.
Behavioral Testing
It is also called functional testing where the functionality of software is being tested. This kind of testing is called black box testing.
Structural Testing
It's a White Box Testing Technique. Since the testing is based on the internal structure of the program/code & hence it is called as Structural Testing.
Behavioral Testing:
It's a Black Box Testing Technique. Since the testing is based on the external behavior/functionality of the system /application & hence it is called as Behavioral Testing.
120. How does unit testing play a role in the development / Software lifecycle?
We can catch simple bugs like GUI, small functional Bugs during unit testing. This reduces testing time. Overall this saves project time. If developer doesn't catch this type of bugs, this will come to integration testing part and if it catches by a tester, this need to go through a Bug life cycle and consumes a lot of time.
121. What made you pick testing over another career?
Testing is one aspect which is very important in the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). I like to be part of the team which is responsible for the quality of the application being delivered. Also, QA has broad opportunities and large scope for learning various technologies. And of course it has lot more opportunities than the Development.
Sample Test Case:
Test Case ID Test Case Description Input Data Expected Result Actual Result Pass/Fail
Remarks
Sample Bug Case:
S. no Links Bug ID Description Initial Bug Status Retesting Bug Status Conf Bug Status
No document prepared in any process is waste of rime, That too test design documents which plays vital role in test execution can never be said waste of time as without which proper testing cannot be done.
52. How do you go about testing of Web Application?
To approach a web application testing, the first attack on the application should be on its performance behavior as that is very important for a web application and then transfer of data between web server and .front end server, security server and back end server.
53. What kind of Document you need for going for a Functional testing?
Functional specification is the ultimate document, which expresses all the functionalities of the application and other documents like user manual and BRS are also need for functional testing. Gap analysis document will add value to understand expected and existing system.
54. Can the System testing be done at any stage?
No, .The system as a whole can be tested only if all modules arc integrated and all modules work correctly System testing should be done before UAT (User Acceptance testing) and Before Unit Testing.
55. What is Mutation testing & when can it be done?
Mutation testing is a powerful fault-based testing technique for unit level testing. Since it is a fault-based testing technique, it is aimed at testing and uncovering some specific kinds of faults, namely simple syntactic changes to a program. Mutation testing is based on two assumptions: the competent programmer hypothesis and the coupling effect. The competent programmer hypothesis assumes that competent programmers turn to write nearly "correct" programs. The coupling effect stated that a set of test data that can uncover all simple faults in a program is also capable of detecting more complex faults. Mutation testing injects faults into code to determine optimal test inputs.
56. Why it is impossible to test a program completely?
With any software other than the smallest and simplest program, there are too many inputs, too many outputs, and too many path combinations to fully test. Also, software specifications can be subjective and be interpreted in different ways.
57. How will you review the test case and how many types are there?
There are 2 types of review:
Informal Review: technical lead reviewing.
Peer Review: by a peer at the same organization (walkthrough? technical - inspection).
Or
Reviews:
1. Management Review
2. Technical Review
3. Code Review
4. Formal Review (Inspections and Audits)
5. Informal Review (Peer Review and Code Review)
and coming to walk through....
objectives of Reviews:
1. To find defects in requirements.
2. To find defects in Design.
3. To identify deviations in any process and also provide valued suggestions to improve the process.
58. What do you mean by Pilot Testing?
• Pilot testing involves having a group of end users try the system prior to its full deployment in order to give feedback on IIS 5.0 features and functions.
Or
Pilot Testing is a Testing Activity which resembles the Production Environment.
• It is Done Exactly between UAT and Production Drop.
• Few Users who simulate the Production environment to continue the Business Activity with the System.
• They Will Check the Major Functionality of the System before going into production. This is basically done to avoid the high-level Disasters.
• Priority of the Pilot Testing Is High and Issues Raised in Pilot Testing has to be Fixed As Soon As Possible.
59. What is SRS and BRS in manual testing?
BRS is Business Requirement Specification which means the client who want to make the application gives the specification to software development organization and then the organization convert it to SRS (Software requirement Specification) as per the need of the software.
60. What is Smoke Test and Sanity Testing? When will use the Above Tests?
Smoke Testing: It is done to make sure if the build we got is testable or not, i.e to check for the testability of the build also called as "day 0" check. Done at the 'build level'
Sanity Testing: It is done during the release phase to check for the main functionalities without going deeper. Sometimes also called as subset of regression testing. When no rigorous regression testing is done to the build, sanity does that part by checking major functionalities. Done at the 'release level'
61. What is debugging?
Debugging is finding and removing "bugs" which cause the program to respond in a way that is not intended.
62. What is determination?
Determination has different meanings in different situations. Determination means a strong intention or a fixed intention to achieve a specific purpose. Determination, as a core value, means to have strong will power in order to achieve a task in life. Determination means a strong sense of self-devotion and self-commitment in order to achieve or perform a given task. The people who are determined to achieve various objectives in life are known to succeed highly in various walks of life.
Another way, it could also mean calculating, ascertaining or even realizing a specific amount, limit, character, etc. It also refers to a certain result of such ascertaining or even defining a certain concept.
It can also mean to reach at a particular decision and firmly achieve its purpose.
63. What is exact difference between Debugging & Testing?
Testing is nothing but finding an error/problem and its done by testers where as debugging is nothing but finding the root cause for the error/problem and that is taken care by developers.
Or
Debugging- is removing the bug and is done by developer.
Testing - is identifying the bug and is done by tester.
64. What is fish model can you explain?
Fish model explains the mapping between different stages of development and testing.
Phase 1
Information gathering takes place and here the BRS document is prepared.
Phase 2
Analysis takes place
During this phase, development people prepare SRS document which is a combination of functional requirement specification and system requirement specification. During this phase, testing people are going for reviews.
Phase-3
Design phase
Here HLD and LLD high level design document and low level design documents are prepared by development team. Here, the testing people are going for prototype reviews.
Phase-4
coding phase
White box testers start coding and white box testing is being conducted by testing team.
Phase-5
testing phase
White box testing takes place by the black box test engineers.
Phase-6
release and maintenance.
65. What is Conformance Testing?
The process of testing that an implementation conforms to the specification on which it is based. Usually applied to testing conformance to a formal standard.
66. What is Context Driven Testing?
The context-driven school of software testing is flavor of Agile Testing that advocates continuous and creative evaluation of testing opportunities in light of the potential information revealed and the value of that information to the organization right now.
67. What is End-to-End testing?
Similar to system testing, the 'macro' end of the test scale involves testing of a complete application environment in a situation that mimics real-world use, such as interacting with a database, using network communications, or interacting with other hardware, applications, or systems if appropriate.
68. When the testing should be ended?
Testing is a never ending process, because of some factors testing May terminates.
The factors may be most of the tests are executed, project deadline, test budget depletion, bug rate falls down below the criteria.
69. What is Parallel/Audit Testing?
Testing where the user reconciles the output of the new system to the output of the current system to verify the new system performs the operations correctly.
70. What are the roles of glass-box and black-box testing tools?
Black-box testing
It is not based on knowledge of internal design or code. Tests are based on requirements and functionality. Black box testing is used to find the errors in the following.
1. Interface errors
2. Performance errors
3. Initialization errors
4. Incorrect or missing functionality
5. Errors while accessing external database
Glass-box testing
It is based on internal design of an application code. Tests are based on path coverage, branch coverage, and statement coverage. It is also known as White Box testing.
1. White box test cases can check for;
2. All independent paths with in a module are executed atleast once
3. Execute all loops
4. Exercises all logical decisions
5. Exercise internal data structure to ensure their validity
71. What is your experience with change control? Our development team has only 10 members. Do you think managing change is such a big deal for us?
Whenever the modifications happening to the actual project all the corresponding documents are adapted on the information. So as to keep the documents always in sync with the product at any point of time
72. What is GAP ANALYSIS?
The gap analysis can be done by traceability matrix that means tracking down each individual requirement in SRS to various work products.
73. How do you know when your code has met specifications?
With the help of traceability matrix. All the requirements are tracked to the test cases. When all the test cases are executed and passed is an indication that the code has met the requirements.
74. At what stage of the life cycle does testing begin in your opinion?
Testing is a continuous process and it starts as and when the requirement for the project /product begins to be framed.
Requirements phase: testing is done to check whether the project/product details are reflecting clients ideas or giving an idea of complete project from the clients perspective (as he wished to be) or not.
75. What are the properties of a good requirement?
Requirement specifications are important and one of the most reliable methods of insuring problems in a complex software project. Requirements are the details describing an application's externally perceived functionality and properties. Requirements should be clear, complete, reasonably detailed, cohesive, attainable and testable.
76. How do you scope, organize, and execute a test project?
The Scope can be defined from the BRS, SRS, FRS or from functional points. It may be anything that is provided by the client. And regarding organizing we need to analyze the functionality to be covered and who will testing the modules and pros and cons of the application. Identify the number if test cases, resource allocation, what are the risks that we need mitigate all these come into picture.
Once this is done it is very easy to execute based on the plan what we have chalked out.
77. How would you ensure 100% coverage of testing?
We can not perform 100% testing on any application. but the criteria to ensure test completion on a project are:
1. All the test cases are executed with the certain percentage of pass.
2. Bug falls below a certain level
3. Test budget depleted
4. Dead lines reached (project or test)
5. When all the functionalities are covered in a test cases
6. All critical & high bugs must have a status of CLOSED
78. Do you go about testing a web application?
Ideally to test a web application, the components and functionality on both the client and server side should be tested. But it is practically impossible
The best approach to examine the project's requirements, set priorities based on risk analysis, and then determine where to focus testing efforts within budget and schedule constraints.
To test a web application we need to perform testing for both GUI and client-server architecture.
Based on many factors like project requirements, risk analysis, budget and schedule, we can determine that what kind of testing will be appropriate for your project. We can perform unit n integration testing, functionality testing, GUI testing, usability testing, compatibility testing, security testing, performance testing, recovery testing and regression testing.
79. What are your strengths?
I'm well motivated, well-organized, good team player, dedicative to work and I've got a strong desire to succeed, and I'm always ready and willing to learn new information and skills.
80. When should you begin testing?
For any Project, testing activity will be there from starting onwards, After the Requirements gathering, Design Document (High and Low) will be prepared, that will be tested, whether they are confirming to requirements or not, Design then Coding- White box will be done, after the Build or System is ready, Integration followed by functional testing will be done, Till the product or Project was stable. After the product or project is stable, then testing will be stopped.
81. When should you begin test planning?
Test planning is done by test lead. As a test lead test planning begins when TRM is finalized by project manager and handover to the test lead. Here test lead have some responsibilities those are,
1. Testing team formation
2. identifying tactical risks
3. preparing test plan
4. Reviews on test plans
82. Would you like to work in a team or alone, why?
I would like to work in a team. Because the process of software development
is like a relay race where many runners have to contribute in their respective laps. It is important because the complexity of work and degree of efforts required is beyond level of an individual.
83. When should testing Start in a project? Why?
Testing in a continuous activity carried out at every stage of the project. You first test everything that you get from the client. As tester (technical tester), my work will start as soon as the project starts.
84. Have you ever created a test plan?
This is just a sample answer - "I have never created any test plan. I developed and executed testcase. But I was involved/ participated actively with my Team Leader while creating Test Plans."
85. Define quality for me as you understand it
It is software that is reasonably bug-free and delivered on time and within the budget, meets the requirements and expectations and is maintainable.
86. What is the role of QA in a development project?
Quality Assurance
Group assures the Quality it must monitor the whole development process. they are most concentration on prevention of bugs.
It must set standards, introduce review procedures, and educate people into better ways to design and develop products.
87. How involved where you with your Team Lead in writing the Test Plan?
As per my knowledge Test Member are always out of scope while preparing the Test Plan, Test Plan is a higher level document for Testing Team. Test Plan includes Purpose, scope, Customer/Client scope, schedule, Hardware, Deliverables and Test Cases etc. Test plan derived from PMP (Project Management Plan). Team member scope is just go through TEST PLAN then they come to know what all are their responsibilities, Deliverable of modules.
Test Plan is just for input documents for every testing Team as well as Test Lead.
88. What processes/methodologies are you familiar with?
Methodology
1. Spiral methodology
2. Waterfall methodology. these two are old methods.
3. Rational unified processing. this is from I B M and
4. Rapid application development. this is from Microsoft office.
89. What is globalization testing?
The goal of globalization testing is to detect potential problems in application design that could inhibit globalization. It makes sure that the code can handle all international support without breaking functionality that would cause either data loss or display problems.
90. What is base lining?
Base lining: Process by which the quality and cost effectiveness of a service is assessed, usually in advance of a change to the service. Base lining usually includes comparison of the service before and after the Change or analysis of trend information. The term Benchmarking is normally used if the comparison is made against other enterprises.
For example:
If the company has different projects. For each project there will be separate test plans. This test plans should be accepted by peers in the organization after modifications. That modified test plans are the baseline for the testers to use in different projects. Any further modifications are done in the test plan. Present modified becomes the baseline. Because this test plan becomes the basis for running the testing project.
91. Define each of the following and explain how each relates to the other: Unit, System and Integration testing.
Unit testing
it is a testing on each unit (program)
System testin
This is a bottleneck stage of our project. This testing done after integration of all modules to check whether our build meets all the requirements of customer or not. Unit and integration testing is a white box testing which can be done by programmers. System testing is a black box testing which can be done by people who do not know programming. The hierarchy of this testing is unit testing integration testing system testing
Integration testing: integration of some units called modules. the test on these modules is called integration testing (module testing).
92. Who should you hire in a testing group and why?
Testing is an interesting part of software cycle. and it is responsible for providing an quality product to a customer. It involves finding bugs which is more difficult and challenging. I wanna be part of testing group because of this.
93. What do you think the role of test-group manager should be? Relative to senior management? Relative to other technical groups in the company? Relative to your staff?
ROLES OF test-group manager INCLUDE
• Defect find and close rates by week, normalized against level of effort (are we finding defects, and can developers keep up with the number found and the ones necessary to fix?)
• Number of tests planned, run, passed by week (do we know what we have to test, and are we able to do so?)
• Defects found per activity vs. total defects found (which activities find the most defects?)
• Schedule estimates vs. actual (will we make the dates, and how well do we estimate?)
• People on the project, planned vs. actual by week or month (do we have the people we need when we need them?)
• Major and minor requirements changes (do we know what we have to do, and does it change?)
94. What criteria do you use when determining when to automate a test or leave it manual?
The Time and Budget both are the key factors in determining whether the test goes on Manual or it can be automated. Apart from that the automation is required for areas such as Functional, Regression, Load and User Interface for accurate results.
95. How do you analyze your test results? What metrics do you try to provide?
Test results are analyzed to identify the major causes of defect and which is the phase that has introduced most of the defects. This can be achieved through cause/effect analysis or Pareto analysis. Analysis of test results can provide several test matrics. Where matrices are measure to quantify s/w, s/w development resources and s/w development process. Few matrices which we can provide are:
Defect density: total no of defects reported during testing/size of project
Test effectiveness'/(t+uat)
where t: total no of defect recorded during testing
and UAT: total no of defect recorded during use acceptance testing
Defect removal efficiency(DRE): (total no of defect removed / total no of defect injected)*100
96. How do you perform regression testing?
Regression Testing is carried out both manually and automation. The automatic tools are mainly used for the Regression Testing as this is mainly focused repeatedly testing the same application for the changes the application gone through for the new functionality, after fixing the previous bugs, any new changes in the design etc. The regression testing involves executing the test cases, which we ran for finding the defects. Whenever any change takes place in the Application we should make sure, the previous functionality is still available without any break. For this reason one should do the regression testing on the application by running/executing the previously written test cases.
97. Describe to me when you would consider employing a failure mode and effect analysis
FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) is a proactive tool, technique and quality method that enables the identification and prevention of process or product errors before they occur. Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) is a disciplined approach used to identify possible failures of a product or service and then determine the frequency and impact of the failure.
98. What is UML and how to use it for testing?
The Unified Modeling Language is a third-generation method for specifying, visualizing, and documenting the artifacts of an object-oriented system under development From the inside, the Unified Modeling Language consists of three things:
1. A formal metamodel
2. A graphical notation
3. A set of idioms of usage
99. What you will do during the first day of job?
In my present company HR introduced me to my colleagues. and i known the following things.
1. What is the organization structure?
2. What is the current project developing, on what domain etc.,
3. I will know to whom i have to report and what r my other responsibilities.
100. What is IEEE? Why is it important?
Organization of engineers Scientists and students involved in electrical, electronics, and related fields. It is important because it functions as a publishing house and standards-making body.
101. Define Verification and Validation. Explain the differences between the two.
Verification - Evaluation done at the end of a phase to determine that requirements are established during the previous phase have been met. Generally Verification refers to the overall s/w evaluation activity, including reviewing, inspecting, checking and auditing.
Validation: - The process of evaluating s/w at the end of the development process to ensure compliance with requirements. Validation typically involves actual testing and takes place after verification is complete.
Or
Verification: Whether we are building the product right?
Validation: Whether we are building the right product/System?
102. Describe a past experience with implementing a test harness in the development Of software
Harness: an arrangement of straps for attaching a horse to a cart.
Test Harness: This class of tool supports the processing of tests by working it almost painless to
1. Install a candidate program in a test environment
2. Feed it input data
3. Simulate by stubs the behavior of subsidiary modules.
103. What criteria do you use when determining when to automate a test or leave it manual?
The Time and Budget both are the key factors in determining whether the test goes on Manual or it can be automated. Apart from that the automation is required for areas such as Functional, Regression, Load and User Interface for accurate results.
104. What would you like to do five years from now?
I would like to be in a managerial role, ideally working closely with external clients. I have worked in client-facing roles for more than two years and I enjoy the challenge of keeping the customer satisfied. I think it's something I'm good at. I would also like to take on additional responsibility within this area, and possibly other areas such as Finally, I'd like to be on the right career path towards eventually becoming a Senior Manager within the company. I'm very aware that these are ambitious goals, however I feel through hard work
and dedication they are quite attainable.
105. Define each of the following and explain how each relates to the other: Unit, System, and Integration testing
• Unit system comes first. Performed by a developer.
• Integration testing comes next. Performed by a tester
• System testing comes last-Performed by a tester.
106. What is IEEE? Why is it important?
"Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers" Organization of engineers, scientists and students involved in electrical, electronics, and related fields. It also functions as a publishing house and standards-making body.
107. What is the role of QA in a company that produces software?
The role of the QA in the company is to produce a quality software and to ensure that it meets all the requirements of its customers before delivering the product.
108. How would you build a test team?
Building a test team needs a number of factors to judge. Firstly, you have to consider the complexity of the application or project that is going to be tested. Next testing, time allotted levels of testing to be performed. With all these parameters in mind you need to decide the skills and experience level of your testers and how many testers.
109. In an application currently in production, one module of code is being modified. Is it necessary to re- test the whole application or is it enough to just test functionality associated with that module?
It depends on the functionality related with that module. We need to check whether that module is inter-related with other modules. If it is related with other modules, we need to test related modules too. Otherwise, if it is an independent module, no need to test other modules.
110. What are ISO standards? Why are they important?
ISO 9000 specifies requirements for a Quality Management System overseeing the production of a product or service. It is not a standard for ensuring a product or service is of quality; rather, it attests to the process of production, and how it will be managed and reviewed.
For ex a few:
ISO 9000:2000
Quality management systems. Fundamentals and vocabulary
ISO 9000-1:1994
Quality management and quality assurance standards. Guidelines for selection and use
ISO 9000-2:1997
Quality management and quality assurance standards. Generic guidelines for the application of ISO 9001, ISO 9002 and ISO 9003
ISO 9000-3:1997
Quality management and quality assurance standards. Guidelines for the application of ISO 9001:1994 to the development, supply, installation and maintenance of computer software
ISO 9001:1994
Quality systems. Model for quality assurance in design, development, production, installation and servicing
ISO 9001:2000
Quality management systems. Requirements
111. What is the Waterfall Development Method and do you agree with all the steps?
Waterfall approach is a traditional approach to the s/w development. This will work out of it project is a small one (Not complex).Real time projects need spiral methodology as SDLC. Some product based development can follow Waterfall, if it is not complex. Production cost is less if we follow waterfall method.
112. What is migration testing?
Changing of an application or changing of their versions and conducting testing is migration testing. Testing of programs or procedures used to convert data from existing systems for use in replacement systems.
113. What is terminology? Why testing Necessary fundamental test process psychology of testing Testing Terminologies
Error: a human action that produces an incorrect result.
Fault: a manifestation of an error in software.
Failure: a deviation of the software from its expected delivery or service.
Reliability: the probability that the software will not cause the failure of the system for a specified time under specified conditions.
Why Testing is Necessary
Testing is necessary because software is likely to have faults in it and it is better (cheaper, quicker and more expedient) to find and remove these faults before it is put into live operation. Failures that occur during live operation are much more expensive to deal with than failures than occur during testing prior to the release of the software. Of course other consequences of a system failing during live operation include the possibility of the software supplier being sued by the customers!
Testing is also necessary so we can learn about the reliability of the software (that is, how likely it is to fail within a specified time under specified conditions).
114. What is UAT testing? When it is to be done?
UAT stands for 'User acceptance Testing' This testing is carried out with the user perspective and it is usually done before a release
UAT stands for User Acceptance Testing. It is done by the end users along with testers to validate the functionality of the application. It is also called as Pre-Production testing.
115. How to find that tools work well with your existing system?
I think we need to do a market research on various tools depending on the type of application we are testing. Say we are testing an application made in VB with an Oracle Database, and then Win runner is going to give good results. But in some cases it may not, say your application uses a lots of 3rd party Grids and modules which have been integrated into the application. So it depends on the type of application u r testing.
Also we need to know what sort of testing will be performed. If u need to test the performance, u cannot use a record and playback tool, u need a performance testing tool such as Load runner.
116. What is the difference between a test strategy and a test plan?
TEST PLAN: IT IS PLAN FOR TESTING.IT DEFINES SCOPE, APPROACH, AND ENVIRONEMENT.
TEST STRATEGY: A TEST STRATEGY IS NOT A DOCUMENT.IT IS A FRAMEWORK FOR MAKING DECISIONS ABOUT VALUE.
117. What is Scenarios in term of testing?
Scenario means development. We define scenario by the following definition: Set of test cases that ensure the business process flows are tested from end to end. It may be independent tests or a series of tests that follow each other, each dependant on the output of the previous one. The term test scenario and test case are often used synonymously.
118. Explain the differences between White-box, Gray-box, and Black-box testing?
Black box testing Tests are based on requirements and functionality. Not based on any knowledge of internal design or code.
White box testing Tests are based on coverage of code statements, branches, paths, conditions. Based on knowledge of the internal logic of an application's code.
Gray Box Testing A Combination of Black and White Box testing methodologies, testing a piece of software against its specification but using some knowledge of its internal workings.
119. What is structural and behavioral Testing?
Structural Testing
It is basically the testing of code which is called white box testing.
Behavioral Testing
It is also called functional testing where the functionality of software is being tested. This kind of testing is called black box testing.
Structural Testing
It's a White Box Testing Technique. Since the testing is based on the internal structure of the program/code & hence it is called as Structural Testing.
Behavioral Testing:
It's a Black Box Testing Technique. Since the testing is based on the external behavior/functionality of the system /application & hence it is called as Behavioral Testing.
120. How does unit testing play a role in the development / Software lifecycle?
We can catch simple bugs like GUI, small functional Bugs during unit testing. This reduces testing time. Overall this saves project time. If developer doesn't catch this type of bugs, this will come to integration testing part and if it catches by a tester, this need to go through a Bug life cycle and consumes a lot of time.
121. What made you pick testing over another career?
Testing is one aspect which is very important in the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). I like to be part of the team which is responsible for the quality of the application being delivered. Also, QA has broad opportunities and large scope for learning various technologies. And of course it has lot more opportunities than the Development.
Sample Test Case:
Test Case ID Test Case Description Input Data Expected Result Actual Result Pass/Fail
Remarks
Sample Bug Case:
S. no Links Bug ID Description Initial Bug Status Retesting Bug Status Conf Bug Status
